Introduction
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful way to gain information about
electrochemical systems, often applied to new electrochemical devices used for
energy-conversion and storage (ECS), including batteries, fuel cells, and super-capacitors.
EIS can be used in all stages of the development of new devices, from initial evaluation of
half-cell reaction mechanisms and kinetics, to quality-control of packaged batteries.